Chicomoztoc, the Mythical Place of Aztec Origins

Chicomoztoc (â€Å"The Place of the Seven Caves† or â€Å"The Cave of the Seven Niches†) is the mythological cave of emergence for the Aztec/Mexica, the Toltecs, and other groups of  Central Mexico and northern Mesoamerica. It is frequently depicted in Central Mexican codices, maps, and other written documents known as lienzos, as a subterranean hall surrounded by seven chambers. In the surviving depictions of Chicomoztoc, each chamber is labeled with a pictograph that names and illustrates a different Nahua lineage that emerged from that particular place in the cave. As with other caves illustrated in Mesoamerican art, the cave has some animal-like characteristics, such as teeth or fangs and eyes. More intricate renderings show the cave as a lion-like monster out of whose gaping mouth the original people emerge. A Shared Pan-Mesoamerican Mythology Emergence from a cave is a common thread found throughout ancient Mesoamerica and among groups living in the area today. Forms of this myth can be found as far north as the American Southwest among cultural groups such as the Ancestral Puebloan or Anasazi people. They and their modern descendants built sacred rooms in their communities known as kivas, where the entrance to the sipapu, the Puebloan place of origin, was marked in the center of the floor. One famous example of a pre-Aztec emergence place is the human-made cave under the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. This cave differs from the Aztec account of emergence because it has only four chambers. Another constructed Chicomoztoc-like emergence shrine is found at the site of Acatzingo Viejo, in the State of Puebla, central Mexico. It more closely parallels the Aztec account due to its having seven chambers carved into the walls of a circular rock outcropping. Unfortunately, a modern road was cut directly through this feature, destroying one of the caves. Mythical Reality Many other places have been proposed as possible Chicomoztoc shrines, among which is the site of La Quemada, in Northwest Mexico. Most experts believe that Chicomoztoc was not necessarily a specific, physical place but, like Aztalan, a widespread idea among many Mesoamerican people of a mythical cave as a  place of emergence for both humans and gods, from which each group materialized and identified itself within their own sacred landscape. Updated by  K. Kris Hirst Sources Aguilar, Manuel, Miguel Medina Jaen, Tim M. Tucker, and James E. Brady, 2005, Constructing Mythic Space: The Significance of a Chicomoztoc Complex at Acatzingo Viejo. In the Maw of the Earth Monster: Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use, edited by James E. Brady and Keith M. Prufer, 69-87. University of Texas Press, Austin Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 1991, Migration Histories As Ritual Performance. In To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes, edited by David Carrasco, pp. 121-151. University of Colorado Press, Boulder Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 1997, Prominent Scenes and Pivotal Events in the Mexican Pictorial Histories. In Cà ³dices y Documentos sobre Mà ©xico: Segundo Simposio, edited by Salvador Rueda Smithers, Constanza Vega Sosa, and Rodrigo Martà ­nez Baracs, pp. 407-424. vol. I. Instituto Nacional de Antropologà ­a E Historia, Mexico, D.F. Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 2000, Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs. University of Texas, Austin. Carrasco, David, and Scott Sessions, 2007, Cave, City, and Eagles Next: An Interpretative Journey Through the Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Durà ¡n, Fray Diego, 1994, The Histories of The Indies of New Spain. Translated by Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Hers, Marie-Areti, 2002, Chicomoztoc. A Myth Reviewed, in Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, vol 10, Num.56, pp: 88-89. Heyden, Doris, 1975, An Interpretation of the Cave Underneath the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, Mexico. American Antiquity 40:131-147. Heyden, Doris, 1981, The Eagle, The Cactus, The Rock: The Roots of Mexico-Tenochtitlans Foundation Myth and Symbol. BAR International Series No. 484. B.A.R., Oxford. Monaghan, John, 1994, The Covenants with Earth and Rain: Exchange, Sacrifice, and Revelation In Mixtec Sociality. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Taube, Karl A., 1986, The Teotihuacan Cave of Origin: The Iconography and Architecture of Emergence Mythology in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. RES 12:51-82. Taube, Karl A., 1993, Aztec and Maya Myths. The Legendary Past. University of Texas Press, Austin. Weigland, Phil C., 2002, Creation Northern Style, in Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, vol 10, Num.56, pp: 86-87.

Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus Nathalie Dao Med 2056 VN FT030 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper Ms. Annabelle Anglo 3/16/2015 EXPLANATION OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The pathophysiology of the two types of Diabetes Mellitus are described by Schilling (2010). Type 1 Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus starts with a viral infection or other triggering condition that forms antibodies that destroy the beta cells within the pancreas. This causes the pancreas’ production of insulin to drop over time. Initially, the body uses the insulin that was already produced, but as the insulin decreases, the cells within the body are not able to receive and use the glucose. The sugar remains in the bloodstream after digestion and the negative effects of hyperglycemia become more damaging. With Type 1, about 90% or the beta cells are killed by the antibodies. 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Lord of The Flies Web Quest Free Essays

Tibia Insulaechorab How the conch’s used its significance o The leader will be chosen every Sunday so that everyone will be able to experience how to be a leader o There will be a conch ceremony while changing the group leader. The leader will wear the conch with its chain all week long. o The conch will be used by the leader to gather everyone, to quieten the group and to let somebody speak. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of The Flies Web Quest or any similar topic only for you Order Now o The conch symbolizes leadership and authority. The person who has it is different from the others. The leader with his conch has to organize all the stuff related to the island and people. MAP OF THE ISLAND Ways to get food water * A group of 3 or 4 people will be fishing three times a week. The fisher group will be changed every week after the conch ceremony so that just one group of people won’t be fed up with fishing during the life on island. Also, fishing group will be responsible for getting other types of seafood. * Water will be kept in holes which are covered with leaves and rocks -so that the water won’t be absorbed- Purification tablets may be used . * The food will be cooked on fire made by using a magnifying glass. * Other kinds of food will be fruits and vegetables.(if possible) The fisher group will be responsible for hunting for the rest of the days (3-4 days per a week) Tools needed to build shelters A poncho Rope Stakes Knife The rules and rights of everyone The consequences for breaking the rules * Everyone has to keep in mind that the person who doesn’t respect somebody is not respected. * Whatever the leader says must be done * Everybody must do some work. All the members of the island has to participate in the life om island * If someone breaks one of the rules, he/she will be expelled from the group. So she/he has to survive on her/his own. * Signal fire must be kept burning all the time. * The person who looks after the fire must observe what goes around the island. How to cite Lord of The Flies Web Quest, Papers

MRSA Infection for Hospital Epidemiology - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMRSA Infection for Hospital Epidemiology. Answer: The reservoir of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is colonized or infected individual. MRSA mainly colonize in skin or body of an individual. A person carrying the bacteria without any signs of infection are colonized individual, whereas those with signs of infection are infected patients. Hence, MRSA mainly spreads by direct contact. The three main reservoir of infection is staff, patient and infected objects. In a 500 bed community hospital, risk of infection is high in the following patient group- Patients with weak immune system such as older adults. Patients having invasive medical devices such as medical tubing or urinary catheters. These devices create the pathway for transmission of MRSA infection into the body. Patients who are staying for longer time in hospitals. This is because of MRSA infection is most prevalent in nursing home and carriers of MRSA may spread the infection. Crowding, skin-to-skin contact and sharing equipments may spread the infection (General Information | MRSA | CDC, 2017). People living in crowded area are most likely to be admitted to hospital for MRSA infection. This population group mainly involves athletes, student, military personnels, health care staffs. Secondly, people going for treatment in dialysis centers are likely to get infected with MRSA (Huttunen Syrjnen, 2014). Hence, people with chronic conditions are susceptible to infection. MRSA is an antibiotic-resistant pathogen causing may serious infections. MRSA is transmitted in individuals mainly by skin-to skin-contact and touching contaminated objects such as infected wound, towels and razors. Discharge of infected individual and soiled area may also lead to transmission of MRSA infection. Poor personal hygiene among people easily transmits the infection. MRSA is transmitted in a person who comes in contact with people with active infection or carrier of infection. Carrier of infection is mostly found in community and hospitals (Most, 2014). On this basis, the infection is classified into hospital acquired infection or community acquired infection. A person becomes a carrier of the MRSA bacteria when they come in contact with contaminated objects. On the other hand, people may develop active infection if the bacteria enter the body parts by means or cuts or wounds on the body. A colonized individual can remain a carrier for few weeks to several years. About 2, 00, 000 people gets infection while being admitted to hospitals in Canada. Out of them, 80% of the infection were spread by health care worker, patients and visitors coming at hospital. The rate of MRSA infection increased by more than 1000% from the year 1995 to 2009 (Report on the State of Public Health in Canada, 2013). However, currently the rate of MRSA infection and colonization is gradually declining. According to current statistics, the rate infection rate declined by 56% in 2011 compared to the year 2005. Although, it was the major cause of mortality in hospitals, however fewer deaths in hospital is reported now (MRSA Tracking | MRSA | CDC, 2017). MRSA is a kind of infection most prevalent in hospital and community settings of different country. The widespread prevalence of MRSA strain is seen mainly because of poor hand hygiene practices by health care staffs and visitors. ICU patients are most vulnerable to infection. On the other hand, community associated MRSA infection is seen mostly in children with bloodstream infection. However, currently emergence of MRSA is also seen in patients with no health care contact or risk factors. MRSA Infection is classified into three types such as- health care associated with onset at hospital, healthy care associated with onset at community level and community associated infection. Majority of MRSA infection is hospital associated with community onset, followed by hospital and community onset. The highest rate is found in adults above 65 year and lowest rate is seen in children between 7-10 years (The Epidemiology of MRSA, 2017). Infection prevention can be done by multiple means such as educating people about transmission modes of infection, reminding health care staffs to clean their hands with disinfectants before coming in contact with patient, making hand hygiene options easily available, monitoring rate of infection and implementing best practice in infection prevention in hospital setting. The followings control mechanism are the most effective in preventing MRSA infection: Hand hygiene technique: Hand hygiene program consisting of educating health care staffs about the importance of hand hygiene before coming in contact with patient and teaching them regarding proper hand washing technique is effective in reducing the infection. The adherence to infection may be increased by easy acceptability to antimicrobial soap and encouraging patients to accept treatment from staffs only if they perform hand hygiene technique. Even small improvement in hand hygiene has been found to give positive results (Barnes et al., 2014). The research regarding the impact of hand hygiene on controlling MRSA showed that implementation of hand hygiene reduced the number of MRSA positive patients. Alcohol based disinfectant are the most effective for hand washing to prevent infection (Ferguson, 2009). In a 500 bed community hospital, screening program will look into detection of colonized individual and removing them from the hospital premise. This can be done by random screening as well as on admission screening. However, random screening will be followed because it is the most effective for nosocomial control. By this mean, patients are admitted to hospital unscreened and then routine random screening is conducted (Robotham et al., 2007). MRSA infection in wound swab can be detected by means of MRSA screening test. In this, wound swab of person is cultured in a special nutrient medium and incubated. The development of characteristics MRSA colonies determine the absence or presence of MRSA in the wound swab (Butler-Laporte et al., 2016). Both hospital acquired and community acquired infection is reported in Canada. The report for surveillance is defined as the Canadian Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System Report which gives surveillance data on MRSA infection in Public Health Agency of Canada. It helps in better response to community level action (Canada, 2017). Reference Barnes, S. L., Morgan, D. J., Harris, A. D., Carling, P. C., Thom, K. A. (2014). Preventing the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms: modeling the relative importance of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning interventions.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(09), 1156-1162. Butler-Laporte, G., Cheng, M. P., Cheng, A. P., McDonald, E. G., Lee, T. C. (2016). Using MRSA Screening Tests To Predict Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,60(12), 7444-7448. Canada, P. (2017).Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System Report 2016 - Canada.ca.Canada.ca. Retrieved 30 May 2017, from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-system-report-2016.html Ferguson, J. K. (2009). Preventing healthcare?associated infection: Risks, healthcare systems and behaviour.Internal Medicine Journal,39(9), 574-581. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02004.x General Information | MRSA | CDC. (2017).Cdc.gov. Retrieved 30 May 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/#community Healthcare-Associated Infections Due Diligence - The Chief Public Health Officer s Report on the State of Public Health in Canada, 2013: Infectious DiseaseThe Never-ending Threat - Public Health Agency of Canada. (2017).Phac-aspc.gc.ca. Retrieved 30 May 2017, from https://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cphorsphc-respcacsp/2013/infections-eng.php Huttunen, R., Syrjnen, J. (2014). Healthcare workers as vectors of infectious diseases.European journal of clinical microbiology infectious diseases,33(9), 1477-1488. Most, M. R. S. A. (2014). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA Tracking | MRSA | CDC. (2017).Cdc.gov. Retrieved 30 May 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/tracking/ Robotham, J.V., Jenkins, D.R. and Medley, G.F., 2007. Screening strategies in surveillance and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Epidemiology and infection,135(02), pp.328-342. The Epidemiology of MRSA. (2017).Medscape. Retrieved 30 May 2017, from https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/565516